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HTML is the lingua franca for publishing hypertext on the World Wide Web. It is a non-proprietary format based upon SGML, and can be created and processed by a wide range of tools, from simple plain text editors - you type it in from scratch- to sophisticated WYSIWYG authoring tools. HTML uses tags such as <h1> and </h1> to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext links etc. Here is a 10-minute guide for newcomers to HTML. W3C's statement of direction for HTML is given on the HTML Activity Statement. See also the page on our work on the next generation of Web forms, and the section on Web history. (Official site)
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DHTML uses client-side scripting to allow documents to be changed dynamically after their initial display, without server access. The Hypertext Markup Language, with all its capabilty for creating web pages with colorful backgrounds and clickable images, lacks event-driven dynamic programs that interact with the user. Using JavaScript, you can create dynamic HTML pages that process user input and maintain persistent data using special objects, files, and relational databases. JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML page can respond to user events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page navigation. I embedded a few simple JavaScript programs, or "scripts", to a few web pages to provide this capability.
Source: Dynamic HTML
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XHTML is a family of current and future document types and modules that reproduce, subset, and extend HTML 4. XHTML family document types are XML based, and ultimately are designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents.
XHTML 1.0 is the first document type in the XHTML family. It is a reformulation of the three HTML 4 document types as applications of XML 1.0. It is intended to be used as a language for content that is both XML-conforming and, if some simple guidelines are followed, operates in HTML 4 conforming user agents. Developers who migrate their content to XHTML 1.0 will realize the following benefits:
The XHTML family is the next step in the evolution of the Internet. By migrating to XHTML today, content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still remaining confident in their content's backward and future compatibility. (official site)
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SGML is a system for organizing and tagging elements of a document. SGML was developed and standardized by the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1986. SGML itself does not specify any particular formatting; rather, it specifies the rules for tagging elements. These tags can then be interpreted to format elements in different ways.
SGML is used widely to manage large documents that are subject to frequent revisions and need to be printed in different formats. Because it is a large and complex system, it is not yet widely used on personal computers. However, the growth of Internet, and especially the World Wide Web, is creating renewed interest in SGML because the World Wide Web uses HTML, which is one way of defining and interpreting tags according to SGML rules.
Source: Webopedia - SGML
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Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is a security specification being created at the Oasis standards organization.
The goal of SAML is to facilitate secure communication of security information across Web sites. As part of the SAML specification, the Oasis Security Services Technical Committee will define an XML schema, protocols and bindings that will make SAML useful in several functional areas where security is lacking today, including authorization and Web single sign-on (SSO).
Source: SAML
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SOAP is a lightweight protocol for exchange of information in a decentralized, distributed environment. It is an XML based protocol that consists of three parts: an envelope that defines a framework for describing what is in a message and how to process it, a set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined datatypes, and a convention for representing remote procedure calls and responses. SOAP can potentially be used in combination with a variety of other protocols; however, the only bindings defined in this document describe how to use SOAP in combination with HTTP and HTTP Extension Framework. (Official site)
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The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web.
Some XML benefits in brief:
(Official site)
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A DTD is a formal description in XML Declaration Syntax of a particular type of document. It sets out what names are to be used for the different types of element, where they may occur, and how they all fit together. (...) A DTD provides applications with advance notice of what names and structures can be used in a particular document type. Using a DTD when editing files means you can be certain that all documents which belong to a particular type will be constructed and named in a consistent and conformant manner.
Source: The XML FAQ
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CML (Chemical Markup Language) is a new approach to managing molecular information using recently developed Internet tools such as XML and Java. It is based strictly on SGML, the most robust and widely used system for precise information management in many areas. It has been developed over several years and has been tested in many areas and on a variety of machines.
CML is not 'just another file format'; it is capable of holding extremely complex information structures and so acting as an interchange mechanism or for archival. It interfaces easily with modern database architectures such as relational databases or object-oriented databases. Most importantly, it a large amount of generic XML software to process and transform it is already available from the community. (Official site)
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The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding for the transport and storage of geographic information, including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features. This specification defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms, and conventions that
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport. Source: Geography Markup Language (GML) 2.0 OpenGIS® Implementation Specification, 20 February 2001
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"WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a markup language based on XML, and is intended for use in specifying content and user interface for narrowband devices, including cellular phones and pagers. WML is designed with the constraints of small narrowband devices in mind. These constraints include:
WML includes four major functional areas:
Source: Cover pages WML
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"ECML is an open specification for the exchange of order and payment information. The specific coding of online order form-field information like names, addresses and credit card information can be formatted in a standardized manner. This will facilitate the form filling performed by most digital wallets, enabling them to automatically recognize the order forms on ECML-enabled web sites. The ECML Alliance seeks to improve the online shopping experience for consumers and merchants, and to contribute to the growth of online commerce by creating a universal standard called Electronic Commerce Modeling Language (ECML)." Plans call for Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to maintain the ECML specification. [from the online FAQ document]
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cXML is a streamlined protocol intended for consistent communication of business documents between procurement applications, e-commerce hubs and suppliers. The protocol does not include the full breadth of interactions some parties may wish to communicate. However, through the use of Extrinsic elements and newly-defined domains for various identifiers, it is easily expanded by such applications. This expansion is the limit of point-to-point configurations necessary for communication.
Source: XML applications
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ebXML, sponsored by UN/CEFACT and OASIS, is a modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises of any size and in any geographical location to conduct business over the Internet. Using ebXML, companies now have a standard method to exchange business messages, conduct trading relationships, communicate data in common terms and define and register business processes.
ebXML Mission is to provide an open XML-based infrastructure enabling the global use of electronic business information in an interoperable, secure and consistent manner by all parties. (Official site)
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The Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) is a simple language used to create hypertext-like content for small display, handheld devices. (...) Handheld devices are characterized primarily by a limited display size. A typical display is capable of displaying 4-10 lines of text 12-20 characters wide and may be graphical (bitmapped) or text-only. PDA-style displays are not necessarily included in this handheld device category, although HDML will be useful on those devices as well. (Official site)
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DIML introduces a new approach in the Web design languages domain. Most of the common scripting languages trends are to agglomerate code and presentational description.
As for an example, in php scripts (that is true also within JScripts or ASP programs) the conditional writing of HTML statements results in a scrambled code where php syntax are mixed with HTML statement. The result of this is that both the programmers and the designers keep unsatisfied of this situation.
(...)
DIML is a middle point between standard HTML concepts and XML document structuration. Documents based upon XML (and its associated XSL style language) become very complex quite soon, and developping XML structures need often a long analysis of the document set. DIML technique is a first step in information factorization that prefigure what XML can do but without its complexity. (Official site)
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Directory Services Markup Language (DSML) is an XML schema for working with directories. It is designed with LDAP directories in mind. If you want to access directories within XML programs, DSML could allow you to stick with familiar XML syntax and tools instead of having to use LDAP or proprietary directory-access APIs such as Microsoft's ADSI. In addition, DSML could give you one consistent way to work with multiple dissimilar directories.
Source: Introduction to Directory Services Markup Language (DSML), Michael Hurwicz
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MathML is an XML application for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and content. The goal of MathML is to enable mathematics to be served, received, and processed on the World Wide Web, just as HTML has enabled this functionality for text. (official site)
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NewsML is an XML encoding for news which is intended to be used for the creation, transfer and delivery of news. NewsML is media independent, and allows equally for the representation of the evening TV news and a simple textual story. Specifically, NewsML provides the following features:
Source: What is NewsML ?
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MRML is an XML-based communication protocol. Its aims are to unifify access to multimedia retrieval and management software component in order to extend their capabilities.
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The Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL, pronounced "smile") enables simple authoring of interactive audiovisual presentations. SMIL is typically used for "rich media"/multimedia presentations which integrate streaming audio and video with images, text or any other media type. SMIL is an easy-to-learn HTML-like language, and many SMIL presentations are written using a simple text-editor. (official site)
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The Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime), defined in this International Standard, provides facilities for representing static and dynamic information that is processed and interchanged by hypertext and multimedia applications. HyTime is an application of ISO 8879, the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). (...) HyTime provides standardized mechanisms for specifying interconnections (hyperlinks) within and between documents and other information objects, and for scheduling multimedia information in time and space.
Source: ISO /IEC JTC1/SC18/WG8 N1920 - Second edition 1997-08-01
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The Document Content Description facility for XML (abbreviated DCD) is an RDF vocabulary designed for describing constraints to be applied to the structure and content of XML documents. The abbreviation "DCD" is used to describe both the general facility described in this document and individual schema instances that conform to it.
DCD is based on the following design principles:
(Official site)
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DSSSL is a standard for the processing of SGML documents. DSSSL describes how an SGML document might be presented visually, converted to something else, or processed in some other way. SGML is a document structure language; DSSSL is a document processing language, especially for presentation or transformation.
Source: Naval surface warfare center
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In order for document processing to be reliable, it is necessary to be able to describe classes of documents and to verify individual documents' membership in these classes -- in other words, to be able to express constraints on documents and thus define 'document types'. XML inherits a mechanism for doing this from SGML: the Document Type Definition. XML DTDs can perform a subset of the functions of SGML DTDs.
DTDs have limited expressiveness and it is necessary to experiment with new ideas in schema design. These ideas include a syntax that is more like that of XML document content, certain kinds of extensibility and a cleaner separation between parsing and verifying. DDML is an experimental schema language designed to provide a starting point for these experiments.
So that DDML documents will be immediately useful with existing software, the DDML specification will describe a conversion from DDML documents to DTDs. This initial version of the DDML specification is deliberately simple, providing an initial base for implementations while introducing as few complicating factors as possible. Authors accustomed to DTD creation will find their tool set constricted; it is hoped that supporting software and tools available from other standards will make up for this reduced tool set. (official site)
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ONIX is the international standard for representing and communicating book industry product information in electronic form, incorporating the core content which has been specified in national initiatives such as BIC Basic and AAP's ONIX Version 1. (Official Site)
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Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs, aka URLs) are short strings that identify resources in the web: documents, images, downloadable files, services, electronic mailboxes, and other resources. They make resources available under a variety of naming schemes and access methods such as HTTP, FTP, and Internet mail addressable in the same simple way. They reduce the tedium of "log in to this server, then issue this magic command ..." down to a single click. (Official site)
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An informal term (no longer used in technical specifications) associated with popular URI schemes: http, ftp, mailto, etc.
See URI definition
Source: W3C - Web naming and addressing overview
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Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are intended to serve as persistent, location-independent, resource identifiers and are designed to make it easy to map other namespaces (which share the properties of URNs) into URN-space. Therefore, the URN syntax provides a means to encode character data in a form that can be sent in existing protocols, transcribed on most keyboards, etc.
Source: URN syntax (IETF)
A URN, like a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), provides a reference to some resource on the Internet or an intranet, but a URN goes further by providing persistence, which is a way to identify a resource independent of its location. If the location changes, the resource can still be found. The scheme was initially outlined in RFC 1737 (Requirements for Uniform Resource Names, December 1994). URNs provide stable names for resources whose location may change over time. The URN remains globally unique for the life of the document, which could be forever. The same URN is never assigned to two different resources. A URL, on the other hand, refers to a specific location. If that location changes, the URL becomes "broken."
Source: Linktionary
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URCs are descriptions of Internet-accessible resources. A resource may be described by 0 or more URCs. There is no central URC service, instead URCs provide a standard scheme for different sites to provide descriptions.
Source: Metadata resources URCs
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A PURL is a Persistent Uniform Resource Locator. Functionally, a PURL is a URL. However, instead of pointing directly to the location of an Internet resource, a PURL points to an intermediate resolution service. The PURL resolution service associates the PURL with the actual URL and returns that URL to the client. The client can then complete the URL transaction in the normal fashion. In Web parlance, this is a standard HTTP redirect.
The OCLC PURL Service has been strongly influenced by the active participation of OCLC's Office of Research in the Internet Engineering Task Force Uniform Resource Identifier working groups. There is nothing incompatible between PURLs and the ongoing URN (Uniform Resource Name) work. PURLs satisfy many of the requirements of URNs using currently deployed technologies and can be transitioned smoothly into a URN architecture once it is deployed. (Official site)
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The ISBN is a unique machine-readable identification number, which marks any book unmistakably. For 30 years the ISBN has revolutionized the international book-trade. 159 countries and territories are officially ISBN members. (official site)
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The ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) is an eight-digit number which identifies periodical publications as such, including electronic serials. More than one million ISSN numbers have so far been assigned.
It is managed by a world wide network of 75 National Centres coordinated by an International Centre based in Paris, backed by Unesco and the French Government.
The ISSN is used by various partners throughout the information chain: libraries, subscription agents, researchers, information scientists, newsagents (through its barcode version). (Official site)
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The SICI standard provides an extensible mechanism for the unique identification of either an issue of a serial title or a contribution (e.g., article) contained within a serial, regardless of the distribution medium (paper, electronic, microform, etc.).
This Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) standard defines a variable length code that will provide unique identifications of serial items (e.g., issues) and the contributions (e.g., articles) contained in a serial title. 1 The standard is intended primarily for use by those involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions. While the SICI code is intended to be applicable to both automated parsing and human-readable environments, it does not prescribe any specific machine-scannable symbology, nor does it prescribe a specific machine-readable interchange format for electronic transmission of the coded data. (Official site)
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The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) is a system for identifying and exchanging intellectual property in the digital environment. It provides a framework for managing intellectual content, for linking customers with content suppliers, for facilitating electronic commerce, and enabling automated copyright management for all types of media. Using DOIs makes managing intellectual property in a networked environment much easier and more convenient, and allows the construction of automated services and transactions for e-commerce. (Official site)
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A unique document identifier adopted by American Chemical Society, American Institute of Physics, American Physical Society, Elsevier Science, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for articles published by them 1996- .
Source: Serials Standards Bibliography
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A UUID is an identifier that is unique across both space and time1, with respect to the space of all UUIDs. A UUID can be used for multiple purposes, from tagging objects with an extremely short lifetime, to reliably identifying very persistent objects across a network.
Source: Remote procedure call - Universal Unique Identifier
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The UMID is a unique identifier for picture, audio, and data material which is locally created but globally unique. It differs from many unique identifiers in that the number does not depend wholly upon a registration process, but can be generated automatically at the point of creation without reference to a central database.
Source: Standard Map audio production
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The ISAN (International Standard Audiovisual Number) is a voluntary numbering system for the identification of audiovisual works. It provides a unique, internationally recognized and permanent reference number for each audiovisual work registered in the ISAN system.
An ISAN consists of 16 hexadecimal digits divided into two segments: a 12-digit root segment followed by a 4-digit segment for the identification of episodes or parts when applicable. (official site)
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This page updated : 2004 06 28